Bài giảng Sinh học - Bộ linh trưởng

Bộ Linh trưởngLinh trưởng cổ Opposable thumbBinocular visionFingernails usuallyMammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair2ProsimiansLarge ears and eyesWet nose3TarsierBig eyesElongated tarsal bones4LemurLong fury tailClaws on some digitsElongated cranium5Anthropoids or SimiansFully binocular visionReduced olfactory organs6New World MonkeyPrehensile tail7Old World MonkeyTail not prehensile8HominoidApes and ManNo tail9Orangutan10Gorilla11Chimpanzee12HominidBipedalWeight bearing pelvisLoss of opposable toeFlattened faceEnlarged frontal lob13Australopithecus14Homo15PrimatesProsimiansAnthropoidsTarsiersLemursNew World MonkeysOld World MonkeysHominoids16HominoidsHominidsApesGorillaChimpAustralopithecusHomoOrangutan17Animal ConnectionHumans share many traits with animalsWe are most similar to apesSame 206 bonesAll but 3 of 650 muscles the sameDNA is 98% the sameSame blood typesAlbino Gorilla18Why are we so similar to apes?Modern apes and modern man share a common ancestor who lived about 7 million years ago19Sequence of Human EvolutionHundreds of fossils have been foundSome of the major fossils will be discussed in this presentation20Australopithecus afarensis3.5 million years agoNicknamed LucyWalked uprightSmall brainSkeleton human likeFeetPelvisUpright stance	21Comparative AnatomyGorilla pelvis adapted for knuckle walkingHuman pelvis adapted for upright walkingLucy’s pelvis very similar to human pelvisLucyHumanGorilla22Knuckle WalkingRequires an elongated pelvis and long arms23Lucy’s pelvis allowed her to walk like a human instead of an ape.24Fossilized FootprintsFootprints left when a a pair of Australopithecines walked in the ash of a recently erupted volcano25Skull AnatomyThick brow ridges like a chimpanzeeCranial capacity 400 cc. Chimp 350 cc.Teeth similar to human teethChimpLucy26Lucy: A Transitional FossilTransitional fossil shows characteristics of two kinds of animalsRepresent the transition from one organism to anotherApe characteristicsSkullCranial capacityHuman characteristicsWalked uprightFeetPelvis27Australopithecus africanus2.8 million years agoCranial capacity 460 cc28Homo habilisCranial capacity 630 ccFlatter face than AustralopithecinesUsed toolsNicknamed handy man29Homo erectus1.8 million to 35,000 years ago1,000 cc cranial capacityLarge brow ridgesSloping foreheadMore advanced tools than H. habilis30Homo erectusSkeleton very similar to modern manUsed fireTraveledFossils found in Africa, Europe, China, Indonesia31Homo neanderthalensis200,000 to 25,000 years agoCranial capacity up to 1750 ccLarger than modern manNo chinSloping foreheadBuried dead with tools and flowers32Neanderthal ManMitochondrial DNA studies indicate he was not a direct human ancestorContemporary species with early Homo sapiensH. sapiens out competed H. neaderthalensis33Homo sapiens200,000 years ago to presentPhoto is a skull 35,000 years old1400 cc cranial capacityVertical foreheadPronounced chin34Modern Homo sapiensSmall front teethSmall brow ridgesRounded cranium35Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several possibilitiesCommon ancestorHomo sapiensModern apesAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusHomo habilisHomo erectusHomo neanderthalensis36Evolution of SkullCranial capacity increases for a larger brainFace become flatterBrow ridges become smallerForehead becomes higherChin develops37Sahelanthropus tchadensis6 to 7 million years agoFlat face like HomoCranial capacity about the same as a chimpWalked upright38The End39