Đề cương ôn tập môn Tiếng Anh vào lớp 10

+was/were + V-ing .... )
Passive: Luch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.( S+ was/ were + being + PP.....)
f.  The past perfect 
She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm. ( S+ had + PP...)
      Passive: Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m (S+ had been + PP.....)
g. Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, ........
Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should... + bare-infinitive + object
      Passive: S + will/would, shall/shoul.... + be + past participle (+ by object).
Ex: Police will destroy these drugs.
Passive: the drugs will be destroyed by police.
2-Special cases
a.  Active: s1+ verb1( say/believe/think....) (that) +S2+verb2...
Passive: 
Cách 1: It + be + PP (verb1) + s2 + verb2 ....
Cách 2: S2+ be+ PP (verb1) + to- infinitive (verb2)...
Ex:         People say that he is crazy.
Passive: 
             It said that he is crazy
             He is said to be crazy.
b.  Negatives 
            Ex1: No-one has cleaned the floor lately.  
            Passive: The floor hasn’t been  cleaned lately
Ex2: We didn’t do anything about it.
Passive: Nothing was done about it.
c.  Who + V + object ...... ? 
Passive: - By whom..... ?
        -  Who...... by  ?
Ex:           Who wrote this novel ? 
Passive:
              - By whom was this novel written ?
        - Who was this novel written by ?
d.  It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth 
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + PP
Ex: It is important to finish this exercise.
It is important for this exercise to be finished
e.  Bare-infinitive + object
Passive: 
Let + object + be + PP
S + be + allowed / advised/asked/ supposed/ .... + to infinitive
Ex1:     Please open the door -> Let the door be opened
Ex2:     Turn on the light -> You are supposed to turn on the light.           
f.  Causative form ( thức mệnh lệnh) 
Active: - She + have + sb+ bare-infinitive + st. / - S + get + sb +  to- infinitive + sth
Passive: - S + have + sth + PP. / - S + get + sth + PP
Ex1:     She has had someone repaint the car./ She has had the car repainted
Ex2:     They got me to do the housework./ They got the housework done.
RELATIVE CLAUSE
Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu (không thể đứng riêng một mình). 
Nó bắt đầu bằng: 
a. relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ) : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, THAT.
b relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ) : WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
Ex1: A man who dares to do it dares to do anything.
Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing.
1-WHO
* Thay cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một chủ từ/ tân ngữ.
Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy.
                                     	subject   
→ The man  who comes from Italy has met your boss
                  	 relative clause
Ex2: We have met the girl. She studies in the shool.
→  We have met the girl who studies in the school.     
                                    	 relative clause
2-WHOM
* Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một tân ngữ.
Ex1: We like the man. You talked to him yesterday.
                                            object 
We like the man whom you talked to yesterday
                          relative clause
Ex2: Is that the man ?. You have been waiting for him.
                                                             object 
Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ?
                            relative clause
3-WHOSE
     * Thay thế cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases)
     * Xuất hiện trong hai cấu trúc.
- .... noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb
- ..... noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb
 Ex1: The girl looks disappoited. Her examination result its so bad.
The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed.
 Ex2: That is the girl. I took her hat by mistake yesterday.
That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday.
4-WHICH
* Thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật / sự vật/ sự việc.
* Có thể làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ.
Ex1: She show me the table. It was made by her father.
She shows me the table which was made by her father.
Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr. Tan bought it last month.
Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ? 
Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that)
 Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs. Green worried.
 Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs. Green worried.
5-WHERE
* Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place.... ) 
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc: 
...... noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb ......
Ex:  We visit  the hospital. We were born there/in that hospital
       We visit the hospital where we were born.
6-WHEN
* Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ chỉ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year...)
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc : 
...... noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb ...... 
   Ex:    She will never forget the day. She first met him on that day 
She will never forget the day when she first met him
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1-Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai (Điều kiện loại I) 
 If clause : simple present,  Main clause : will/shall/can/may + bare-infinitive
Ex1: If it rain, we won’t go for a picnic
Ex2: Our natural resources will disappear if we do not conserve them
 Notes: - Ta có thể sử dụng mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính.    Ex: If you drink, don’t drive
- Ta có thể sử dụng “should” ở mệnh đề điều kiện để tỏ ý nghi ngờ.
   	Ex: If he should call, tell him I will ring back.
 	- Dạng rút gọn ở mệnh đề điều kiện (if possible, if necessary, if so................)
  Ex: If necessary, I will help you.
 	-Ta có thể sử dụng dạng mệnh lệnh để thay cho mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện.        
  	Trong trường hợp này, giữa hai mệnh đề thường có các liên từ như sau: and, or, else, otherwise.
2-Điều kiện không xảy ra ở hiện tại (ĐK II) (present unreal condition ) 
 Main clause: would/could/might + bare-infinitive, If clause: simple past
Ex1: If she had wings, she would fly to an island
Ex2: He would build more houses if he were a king.
Note: - ‘If I were you/I were in your position.................’được sử dụng để khuyên nhủ.
Ex: If I were you, I would accept the invitation ( = You should accept the invitation ).
GERUND
The gerund is used as a subject, a complement, an object of a verb or an object of a preposition 
(danh động từ được sử dụng như một chủ ngữ, bổ túc từ, túc từ của một động từ, hay túc từ của một giới từ).....
Ex1: Seeing is believing ( S= gerund)
Ex2: Her hobby is listening to music ( complement = gerund)
Ex3: They have finished doing exercises ( object = gerund)
Ex4: We are font of playing football (Object of an preposition = gerund)
Note: Danh động từ theo sau các động từ như: 
to enjoy, to mind, to avoid, to finish, to practise, to suggest, to postpone, to delay, to imagine, can’t help/stand...
Lưu ý cách sử dụng của các động từ : 
·        Forget + to-infinitive : quên (sẽ/ phải) làm gì
                Forget + ing : quên đã làm việc gì.
Ex1: She forgets being taken to the zoo by her father when she was six
Ex2: Don’t forget to shut the door before  leaving.
·        Remember + to-infinitive : nhớ ( sẽ/ phải) làm gì; 
           Remember + V-ing : nhớ đã làm gì
Ex1: They always remember going to cinema together.
Ex2: They remember to have a test on Wendnesday.
·        Stop + to-infinitive : dừng ( một việc) lại để làm gì; 
          Stop + V- ing : dừng làm một việc gì. 
Ex1: This moring , I saw Mr.Pike in the street, so I stopped to greet him
Ex2: The  teacher asked us to stop talking
·        Need + to- infinitive: cần làm gì ( active); 
          Need + V-ing: cần được ( passive)
Ex1: We need to repair the car.
Ex2: The car needs repairing.
 - Lưu ý cấu trúc: 
S + spend + time + V-ing .... = It + take + s.b + time + to-inf
CLAUSE OF REASON
  +Mệnh đề chỉ lý do là mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ lý do như BECAUSE, AS, SINCE. Ba chữ này đều có nghĩa vì, bởi vì nhưng cách dùng khác nhau.
Ví dụ:  a) Because
          - Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. – He went to bed because he was sleepy.
Mệnh đề phụ có chữ because có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Tuy nhiên phải chú ý nếu mệnh đề phụ đi trước phải có dấu phảy (,) ngăn cách nó với mênh đề chính  
          b) As
          - As  she was free, she came to see me. 
            Vì cô ấy rảnh rỗi, cô ấy đến thăm tôi.
          c) Since
          - Since he doesn’t like music, he never goes to the concert 
             Vì anh ấy  không thích nhạc,  anh ấy không bao giờ đi xem hoà nhạc.
Mệnh đề since  và as luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính.
          b) So/ As Long As
          - As long as  ( So long as) you’re not busy. Can you help me ?
            Vì bạn không bận rộn, bạn có thể giúp tôi ? 
  + Ngoài các liên từ phụ thuộc ( Subordinating Conjuctions) như Because, Since, As, As long as, ... chúng ta còn một liên từ kết hợp ( Co-ordinating conjuctions) FOR chỉ lý do.
          * Liên từ kết hợp là liên từ nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) và không dùng ở đầu câu.
Ví dụ:   - I phoned her, for I wanted to tell her about her exam.
          Tôi gọi điện cho cô ấy vì tôi muốn nói với cô ấy về kỳ thi của cô ấy.
  + Mệnh đề chỉ lý do còn có thể đổi ra cụm từ chỉ lý do ( phrases of reason) với because of hoặc due to.
Ví dụ:           - Because  the weather was cold, we stayed home.
          → Because of  the cold weather, we stayed home. 
          → Due to the cold  weather, we stayed home. 
            Vì thời tiết lạnh, chúng tôi ở nhà.
Because và Because of
 Because và Because of  đều có nghĩa là bởi  vì nhưng chúng được dùng với cẩu trúc khác nhau.
 a ) Because là một liên từ (Conjunction), theo sau nó là một mệnh đề (Clause).
Ví dụ: - Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting.
                     S            V
  	 Vì xe cộ đông đúc, chúng tôi đến buổi họp trễ.
b) Because of là nhóm giới từ ( Prepositional phrase), theo sau nó là một cụm danh từ ( noun phrase)
Ví dụ: - Because of  the heavy traffic, we were late for the meeting.
B-PRACTICE
Conditional Sentences (VIẾT LẠI CÂU)
You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me.
→ If	
There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the window.
→ If	
He is busy right now. So, he can’t help them.
→ If	
I can’t make all of my own meals because I am not good at cooking.
→ If	
I’m not you, so I can’t tell him the truth.
→ If I	
She came, so he wasn’t disappointed.
→ If	
He is not a good student. He didn’t study for the test yesterday.
→ If	
I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
→ If	
Mai is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders.
→ If	
He is tired this morning because he didn’t go to bed early last night.
→ If	
They don’t behave themselves so their parents are not happy about that.
→ If	
She didn’t say sorry so he was angry.
→ If	
I am not a rich businessman and I can’t afford to buy an expensive car.
→ If	
It rained last night so I didn’t go to the barbecue. 
→ If	
My parents do not allow me to go, so I have to stay at home.
→ If	
She doesn’t pay attention to her cooking so the food is horrible.
→ If	
The weather was very nice so we didn’t go camping.
→ If	
The computer broke down and I had to stop my work.
→ If	
She loves him so she forgives him easily.
→ If	
He was angry so I didn’t say anything.
→ If	
II) TRẮC NGHIỆM
If I .a lot of money now, I ..a new car.
	a. have /will buy	b. have / would buy
	c. had/ will buy	d. had/ would buy.
If I you, I .do that.
	a. am/ will	b. were /would	
	c. were/ will	d. had been/ would.
If I were offered the job, I think I . it.
	a. take	b. will take	
	c. would take	d. would have taken.
I would be very surprised if he..
	a. refuses	b. refused	
	c. had refused	d. would refuse.
Many people would be out of work if that factory..down.
	a. closes	b. had closed	
	c. closed	d. would close.
6. If she sold her car, she  much money.
	a. gets	b. would get	
	c. will get	d. would have got.
They would be disappointed if we.
	a. hadn’t come	b. wouldn’t come	
	c. don’t come	d. didn’t come.
Would John be angry if I . his bicycle without asking?
	a. take	b. took	c. had taken	d. would take.
She .terrible upset if I lost this ring.
	a. will be 	b. would be	c. were	d. had been.
If someonein here with a gun, I would be very frightened.
	a. would walk	b. walks	c. had walked	d. walked.
What would happen if you ..to work tomorrow?
	a. don’t go	b. didn’t go	c. won’t go	d. wouldn’t go.
We ‘ll get wet if we .out.
	a. go	b. did go	c. went	d. had gone.
If I go shopping, I some food.
	a. buy	b. will buy	c. would buy	d. would have bought.
If I find it, I you.
	a. will tell	b. would tell	c. had told	d. told.
What would you do if youa million dollars?
	a. would win	b. win	c. had won	d. won.
They ‘d be hurt if I .
	a. don’t go	b. didn’t go	c. hadn’t gone	d. wouldn’t go.
If we took the 6: 30 train, wetoo early.
	a. would have arrived	b. arrived	c. will arrived	d. would arrive.
If I had known you were in hospital, I to see you.
	a. will go	b. would go	c. went	d. would have gone.
If I ., I would have said hello.
	a. had seen	b. see	c. saw	d. would see.
I..out if I hadn’t been so tired.
	a. will go	b. went	c. would have gone	d. would go.
If I ..a camera, I would have taken some pictures.
	a. have 	b. had	c. would have	d. had had.
You won’t pass the examinationyou study more.
	a. as long as	b. unless	c. if 	d. whether.
If only I you wanted to invest money in business.
	a. had known	b. knew	c. have known	d. know.
If I were to leave my country , I disappointed.
	a. probably be 	b. would have been 	c. will be	d. would be.
If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he.in his examination.
	a. would fail	b. wouldn’t fail	c. wouldn’t have failed.	d. won’t fail.
If I had taken that English course, I ..much progress.
	a. had made	b. would have made	c. made	d. would make.
If I were in your place, I .a trip to England.
	a. will make	b. had made	c. made.	d. would make.
If I .. you , I’d save some of your lottery winning.
	a. be	b. were	c. am	d. was
If the car .. larger, we would have bought it.
	a. had been	b. have been	c. has been	d. been
If I had enough money, I  abroad to improve my English.
	a. will go	b. should go	c. would go	d. should have go to
If it .. convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.
	a. be	b. was	c. were	d. is
If you . time, please write to me.
	a. have	b. have had	c. had	d. has
If you had the chance,  you go finishing?
	a. did	b. would	c. may	d. do
Trees won’t grow .. there is enough water.
	a. if 	b. when	c. unless	d. as
If you . to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now.
	a. listen	b. had listened	c. will listen	d. listened
I wish I .. you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
	a. can lend	b. could lend	c. would lend	d. will lend
If someone  into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?”
	a. comes	b. came	c. would come	d. could lend
If you stay up late the previous night, you . sleepy the next morning. 
	a. feel	b. to feel	c. feels	d. will feel
If Peter , Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much
	a. comes	b. do not come	c. does not come	d. will come
If his teeth still .., he will have to go to the dentist’s again.
	a. hurt	b. hurts	c. to hurt	c. will hurt
If youTom , tell him I have a message for him.
	a. will meet	b. would meet	c. meet	d. met
If you too hot during the night , turn down the central heating.
	a. will feel	b. felt	c. feel	d. feels.
If you with your dictionary, I ‘d like to borrow it.
	a. finish	b. finished	c. will finish	d. are finishing.
If I lived nearer the centre , I always late.
	a. wouldn’t be	b. can be	c. won’t be 	d. will be.
What would Lan do if she ..the Miss world.
	a. would be	b. were	c. will be	d. is.
If I .her , I would have said “ hello”
	a. has seen	b. have seen	c. saw	d. had seen.
If she had read the passage more slowly , the candidate.
	a. understood.	b. would have understood 
	c. will understood	d. would understand.
If it, they will not go out.
	a. rains	b. rained	c. rain	d. raining.
James will not complete the work if she is ..rarely enough.
	a. tell 	b. telling	c. tells	d. told.
Betty will not go to the party unless John .too.
	a. go	b. went	c. going	d. goes
Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody..with her.
	a. go	b. goes	c. went	d. going.
If you .to go shopping, please go with your aunt this weekend.
	a. wants	b. want	c. wanting	d. wanted.
Mr. Smith has to work on weekends if his manager.him to.
	a. tell	b. telling	c. told	d. tells.
Unless they her to work hard, she would not.
	a. encourage	b. encourage	c. encourages	d. encouraging.
If I .a king, I would give money to the poor .
	a. is 	b. are	c. am 	d. were.
If we had left this country , we would have.to Australia.
	a. emigrated	b. emigrates	c. emigrate	d. emigrating.
If I had to the party last night, I her.
	a. will have met.	b. would meet	c. would have met	d. will meet.
Unless the pupils pay attention, the teacher .be angry.
	a. would 	b. may	c. will	d. might.
Please do not go out if it.
	a. rain	b. rains	c. rained	d. raining.
If you me with this exercise, I will do the same for you one day.
	a. helped	b. would help	c. help	d. will help.
If you listen to music, you can’t your study.
	a. concentrate on	b. interested in	c. care about	d. read about.
you study harder, you won’t pass the final exam.
	a. unless	b. if	c. if not	d. without.
If the weather.fine, we will go on a picnic.
	a. is 	b. were	c. would be	d. will be.
If he.harder, the results will be better.
	a. worked	b. works	c. has worked	d. will work.
If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health...better
	a. be	b. will be	c. is 	d. would be.
If she hadn’t overslept, she ..late for the interview.
	a. wouldn’t be	b. wouldn’t have been	 	c. hadn’t been	d. would have been
I’d have told you if I ..the book.
	a. had seen	b. would have seen	c. saw	d. see.
If we had known your new address, we..to see you.
	a. came	b. would have come	c. would come	d. will come.
If I found a wallet in the street, I .take it to police.
	a. will 	b. should	c. would	d. shall
I .that coat if I were you.
	a. wouldn’t buy	b. didn’t buy	c. don’t buy 	d. won’t buy.
Passive and Active voice
A group of students have met their friend at the railway station.
They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
This well-known library attracts many people.
All students attended the meeting.
People say that he is intelligent.
He can’t repair my bike.
Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
This is the second time they have written to us about this.
Mr. Smith has taught us French for 2 years.
They didn’t look after the children properly.
Nobody swept this street last week.
People drink a great deal of tea in England.
People speak English all over the world.
Tom was writing 2 poems.
She often takes her dog for a walk.
How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
She didn’t introduce me to her mother.
Someone had invented electric lights before I was born.
Farmers usually milk cows twice a day.
He likes people to call him “sir”.
People know that Japan produces a wide range of cars.
Our teacher used to bid us talk in class.
Don’t let other see you.
Workers were digging a large hole in the ground.
Before they took exams they had revised their lessons.
The car knocked a woman down in the street.
When he came home his father was reading a newspaper.
Cows were eating grass on the meadow.
My cousin will meet you at the station.
She is running her own company.
Visitors must lea